Rod Ends SupplyTransformer supervision

As part of the vital systems of transmission and distribution transformers are constructed and is expected to be unfailingly reliable. However, internal defects such as partial discharge may occur, and the problem with these deficiencies is that if not corrected, may eventually become catastrophic defects that can cause power outages and property damage for the user end.

Control Transformer: What is

* Data Acquisition
* Development of sensors
* Data Analysis
*Development of links between actions and omissions

Easily avoided

Disasters of this nature is very simple, and consists of monitoring of transformers. Transformer monitoring and detecting problems before accidents can be prevented uncontrollable failures that are expensive to fix and can cause loss of service. Transformer monitoring primarily involves the acquisition of data, the development of sensors, data analysis and development of the causal relationship between the extentThe values ​​and the lack of transformers.

Installation of monitoring equipment in the transformer is usually done for two reasons:

1. Transformer monitoring functions to detect the main defects of development, before bringing the catastrophic failure
2. Control functions allow a processor may change the status periodically

Surveillance equipment

Monitoring equipment is permanently mounted on the transformer and line 24 / 7. Cost of reliable, low-surveillance is a necessary condition. The failure rate of transformers are generally low (0.2 – 2% processor / year), and the high cost of systems to prevent failures can not be justified, especially when the cost of redundancy is available limited and indirect. To stay within this cost barrier, a compromise on the characteristics of
monitoring equipment is necessary.

Transformer Monitoring: Parameters

* Oil temperature
Humidity levels *
* OperationCooling fans
* The levels of electrical charge

In most cases it is sufficient to provide a reliable warning, without an analysis and diagnosis on line, provided that the diagnostic methods are available manually or automatically to control the alarm. In particular in relation to energy distribution networks in the United States, most of the population is aging transformers, and most of the defects arising units.Monitoring can expect from these teams should be designed for installation inTransformation could back a few decades.

The detection of defects in the development

Parts of the main transformer to check is the isolation of high quality, winding temperature, oil quality, and moving parts such as media converters (RBC). Follow the winding and insulation systems for oil and gas partial discharges are crucial and monitoring the temperature of the load on the other hand, is considered basic information and should be included in anytransformer supervision.

OLTC failures are usually caused by mechanical failures in the bearings, springs, wells and points, followed closely by electrical faults, such as the transition resistors burned, suffocated contacts, and insulation problems.

Some of the control parameters of the processor and better application of the sensors are discussed below:

* Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)

A diagnostic method, the gas in oil analysis is to analyze the concentration of typeproduction rates and gas generated. Several types of gas are produced on the basis of the types of defects, for example, overheating of cellulose leads to the formation of carbon oxides, but an arch leads to the generation of acetylene.

Depending on the criticality of each unit, the oil samples are taken manually at regular intervals (between 12 and 24 months) and gas are extracted from these samples. Gas sensors are usually the first line option in the design of full-time surveillanceADI systems, simply because the analysis technique is well established and accepted, and the sensor is actually capable of detecting a wide range of types of failure.

Partial discharge (PD)

Partial discharge testing of transformers, is a valuable tool for assessing the integrity of the transformer together, however, real online

time monitoring of partial discharges is generally more expensive and complicated. For example, fiberglass rods that act as waveguides inThe main tank is applied to large transformers, but the cost and complexity of installation of this system was not suitable for online monitoring.

There are several advantages for monitoring of the DP, but it was difficult to design applications in the field because of the difficulty of separating the internal and external sources PD. The sensors are tested and developed countries are currently equipped with acoustic sensors on the outside, which are more profitable, butare sensitive to ambient noise last open station.

* Temperature
The load capacity is limited by a transformer winding hot spot. The hot spot is usually estimated indirectly by measuring temperature and current load of oil. An alternative method is that the temperature sensors are installed in the coil of the fiber during the production process. These sensors are available in two variants – the fibers that measure the temperature in asingle point, and distributed fibers that measure the temperature along its entire length. All of these systems is expensive, especially the distributed fiber sensor is more expensive to install and can be applied to the new processors.

New techniques

The condition of isolation can be judged by other parameters such as levels of moisture and particles. Interpretation of data with these parameters is not simple, but new techniquesdeveloped software to analyze the huge amount of historical data and identify patterns of failure progression. If damage is detected, similar to a transformer in service, corrective measures to be taken.

Other types of line sensors have been studied. Examples of such systems are in-line measurements of moisture content in oil, the static electricity with oil, optical sensors and pump control.

The on-line measurement of moisturecellulose fiber-optic techniques are studied. In general, these systems do not have a strong coupling is so important and frequent failure.

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